Lest We Forget: Website Recalls Horrors of Eugenics 02/28/2006

The American
Holocaust Museum has a website, Deadly Medicine: Creating the Master
Race. It discusses how Hitlers Germany depended on currently
popular scientific ideas of eugenics to try to create a master race, and in the
process, eliminate the unfit millions of them. The website was mentioned
in Science this week.
The website profiles
10
scientists who cooperated with Hitlers regime and legitimized it with
science. Did you know Josef Mengele had two doctors degrees?
He sent countless victims to their deaths, and even ordered some killed just so
he could harvest their organs for study. Hitler and his scientists were not
amoral, but considered themselves very moral: abiding by what they believed were
laws of science, rooted in evolutionary theory. The cold cruelty of these
murderers who committed such unspeakable horrors is all the more frightening when
we consider that many were scholars and intellectuals, following the dictates of
their twisted moral philosophy based on bad science rooted ultimately in
Darwinian ideas. Spend some time reading and thinking about these stories.
As long as evolutionary thinking still holds the reins of power, dont think
for a moment it could never happen again.
Next headline on:
Politics and Ethics
Evolution: A Theory in Splices 02/28/2006

One of the reasons Darwinism has such staying power may be because it is so flexible.
Any speculation can be spliced in or out, as long as the belief that evolution is
a fact is not jeopardized. Here are some recent examples of claims made by
certain scientists that everything you know about evolution is wrong (well, almost)),
but evolution itself is, nevertheless, not threatened. (Emphasis added in all quotes.)
What Would Darwin Do? According to Geerat Vermeij
(UC Davis), if you
played the evolution tape again, youd probably wind up with life similar to what
we have. Many traits are so advantageous under so many circumstances that you are
likely to see the same things again and again, he said. He illustrated his belief with
the speculation that barnacles desperately want to be mollusks.
This perspective is diametrically opposed to the position of many 20th century Darwinists,
such as Stephen Jay Gould, who believed that, since evolution is unguided and without goals,
the evolutionary history on Earth would never happen the same way twice.
Surprisingly, Vermeij came to his conclusion by studying 55 unique innovations in living
things and determining that they were very ancient. If they arose early, they must
have been nearly inevitable, he concluded. Ker Than gave this theory good press
in LiveScience
on March 14.
Fiddling with Origin of Life (FOOL): Robert Hazen has a new book out,
Genesis, that was reviewed favorably by a rival, Leslie Orgel, in
Nature
last week. Orgel and Miller long argued for the primordial soup story. Hazen,
with Harold Morowitz, is more attracted to the metabolism-first story.
Orgel says about the only thing researchers agree on is that the earth is old and life
evolved by natural selection. There arent many facts or opinions about
the origin of life that are universally accepted, he began. The fact of
evolution is not disputed, But almost everything else about the origin of life remains
obscure. Little is known with certainty about the physical environment in
which life evolved or about the detailed steps that led from unconstrained
abiotic chemistry to the organized complexity of biochemistry. This is over
50 years after the Miller experiment had newspapers announcing confidently that we
had figured out how life began. Incidentally, Orgel called his review, In
the beginning, in honor of Hazens title, Genesis. Plagiarism?
To Lose Is to Gain: Surprisingly, an evolutionist thinks humans evolved
from apes by losing genes. A press release from
University of
Michigan. This is called the less is more hypothesis.
Most evolutionists would have thought that the origin of the large brain, upright posture,
language faculty, and many more human characteristics would have required a lot of new
genetic information. Anti-darwinist Lee Spetner would probably jest that this story
reminds him of the merchant who lost money on every sale but thought he could make it
up in volume.
Darwin Was Sexist: Joan Roughgarden is at it again (05/17/2004). The
transsexual biologist seems determined to consign Darwins theory of sexual selection to the
wastebin. She (formerly John) preached again
in Science (17 February 2006:
Vol. 311. no. 5763, pp. 965 - 969, DOI: 10.1126/science.1110105). Theories about
sexual selection can be traced back to Darwin in 1871, Joan and two colleagues wrote;
...Since its proposal, problems with this narrative have continued to accumulate,
and it is our view that sexual selection theory needs to be replaced.
They have a new proposal based on game theory. Boy, she called the idea a narrative
(any synonyms come to mind?) Lest this appear a revolution against evolution, Darwins other
narrative theory, natural selection, is safe (for now).
Why Sex, Anyway? Darwinists still arent sure why sex evolved.
A review in
Science
(17 February 2006: Vol. 311. no. 5763, pp. 960 - 961, DOI: 10.1126/science.1124663)
re-entertained the on-again, off-again idea that sex helps protect
against mutations. The impact of the story is even more profound: Slowly,
our weltanschauung in evolutionary biology is changing from a static view of a
largely optimized genome to a dynamic view of organisms constantly challenged by selection
and struggling with the large genetic load imposed by deleterious and new advantageous
mutations segregating in the population, Rasmus Nielsen said in a review.
The theory seems as dynamic as the genome.
Heresy on the Rise: The heretical theory of sympatric speciation
(01/15/2003) gained points in February.
Science Now
summarized two recent papers, one on fish and another on palm trees, that claimed to show how
species could split into two in the same population and the same environment. This flies in the face of
classical neo-Darwinism that taught that populations had to be segregated, perhaps by
a geographical barrier, before speciation could occur (i.e., allopatric speciation).
The concept of sympatric speciation was largely resisted by the great evolutionist Ernst Mayr,
said Michael Hopkin in Nature
(439, 640-641 (9 February 2006) | doi:10.1038/439640b).
About the only thing certain in evolutionary theory is that evolutionary theory itself
will continue to evolve (by artificial selection, that is); todays heresy may become
tomorrows orthodoxy, provided Darwin gets the glory.
Footnote: theres a new book out about discredited scientific ideas
(but Darwinism is not among themsome would add yet). The book is
Theories on the Scrap Heap by John Losee (U of Pittsburgh Press, 2005); it
was reviewed by Douglas Allchin in Science
(10 February 2006: Vol. 311. no. 5762, pp. 781 - 782, DOI: 10.1126/science.1122678).
Allchin raises the
issue that there is no one agreed-on criterion of science. Some well-known flops
were falsifiable and made predictions. Falsification is usually a good thing,
but surprisingly, Allchin turned this criterion into a protection for Darwinism:
In 16 cases, single findings were interpreted explicitly as falsifying some claim.
A news item noted that critics of teaching evolution frequently apply such stark
falsificationist views. In far fewer (three) cases, authors deemed such judgments
too simplistic. One cautioned against rejecting a theory prematurely.
Losee agrees, echoing a decades-old consensus among philosophers of science.
He details through historic cases how one set of negative results is rarely decisive,
except for quite low-level hypotheses. Rather, researchers typically finesse the
evidence by redefining terms, modifying theories, restricting their scope, or even
tolerating unresolved anomalies. Effective reasoning seems to integrate both
counterevidence and evidence, and weaker theories wane.
A question remains, who decides?
We liked Newtons science better: equations,
explanations, predictions, precision, rigor and observability. Did you know
that most 18th and 19th century scientists deplored speculative ideas? Men like Cuvier,
Sedgwick and Verner strongly rebuked the imaginations of the storytellers of their day
Buffon, Lamarck and even Darwin himself. Its sad that the storytellers have
usurped science and taken over the world. We need a reformation. Our headline
is a play on the title of a classic book by Michael Denton,
Evolution: A Theory in Crisis.
Still good; read it.
Next headline on:
Darwinism and Evolutionary Theory
Why You Have Snail Shells in Your Ears 02/28/2006

The inner ear has a part, the cochlea, that resembles a snail shell. Why is that?
First, lets talk about iPods and stereos. In recent years, manufacturers have
hyped mega-bass and other buzzwords that boast about how their devices beef up
the bass frequency for that sound that rocks. Scientists have wondered if the
cochlea was coiled up just to save space, but no: theres a reason. It pumps
up the bass. Thats what a team of scientists found, reported
Science last week.1 A mathematical analysis demonstrated that
the spiral shape effectively makes the outer edge of the basilar membrane twist and jive,
pumping up the bass by up to 20 decibels. Puzzle solved: the cochlea is our megabass
feature.
Another story in Science
Daily said that our ears provide an optimal code for sound transmission.
Scientists at Carnegie Mellon went beyond the usual Fourier transforms, and found that a
highly efficient spike code is at work in the ear, yielding the most
efficient way to process the sounds we hear. The researchers are all excited
about the possibilities of adapting this new code, detected in the ear, for improving
digital stereos and cochlear implants.
1Adrian Cho, Math Clears Up an Inner-Ear Mystery: Spiral Shape Pumps Up the Bass,
Science,
24 February 2006: Vol. 311. no. 5764, p. 1087, DOI: 10.1126/science.311.5764.1087a.
Neither of these articles mentioned evolution.
The Darwinists run scared from stories like this because they have design
written all over them. Not only were the researchers astonished at the design of
the ear, they were excited to learn more so that they could produce intelligently-designed
products to improve our lives. Need we say more? Yes; see next story.
Next headline on:
Human Body
Amazing Facts
Whats Darwin Got to Do With It? 02/28/2006

Is evolutionary theory useful? We saw Donald Kennedy et al. claiming last
week (see 02/24/2006) that doctors need training in evolutionary
thinking. This week, Christopher Beard (U of Pittsburgh Medical Center) claimed
that a study of dinosaur evolution can help doctors understand human lower back pain (see
EurekAlert).
These, however, are announcements after the fact. Medical science was doing fine
before these suggestions came along.
It seems that much of evolutionary literature deals in speculation of
doubtful utility. Consider these examples:
- Meet Your Friend, Clay: A press release from
UC Riverside
speculated that clays formed at just the right time to provide oxygen to evolving
primitive life forms.
- Hens Teeth: Scientists at Max Planck Institute mutated a gene
in a chicken egg and produced what they claim look like the beginnings of teeth.
The story in Science Now
was cheerfully reported by EurekAlert.
If these were teeth, they were not made for biting. Nevertheless, the press release
said The findings strongly suggest that the birds were initiating developmental
programs similar to those of their reptilian ancestors. Interestingly,
this was a story about losing teeth, not evolving new teeth, because some early birds
did have teeth.
- Elephants Never Forget, but Evolutionists Do: An essay that can be
considered typical of evolutionary speculations on phylogeny was published in
Nature
(439, 673 (9 February 2006) | doi:10.1038/439673a) about elephants and mammoths.
It tried to decide which group was the ancestor of which.
Many scientific reports, by contrast, mention nothing about evolution and talk about design
so much you would think an ID advocate wrote them. Some examples:
- Wow, ID in Butterfly LEDs A UK team was so astonished at the light-emitting
diodes in butterfly wings (see 11/18/2005), that they called it intelligent
design (see the report in
IEEE Spectrum). The E word didnt
even make the final cut. One engineer interested in making better LEDs remarked,
Who knows how much time could have been saved if wed seen this butterfly structure
10 years ago.
- Outdoing Darwin: Intelligent Design was used in another press
release (or rather, abused), in a story that turned the phrase to glorify evolution.
Lawrence
Berkeley Research News reported, Evolutionary paths to new therapeutic drugs, as
well as a wide assortment of other enzyme products, have been created through, of all things,
intelligent design. The irony is that they intended to make the evolutionary
process sound good. Actually, they sifted varieties of molecules toward a predetermined
goal: a form of artificial selection, where the intelligent design was good old
human ingenuity. Though the E word was used throughout the article, this was really
another application of taking a design in nature and modifying it with intelligence:
in short, ID science.
- Fish Sharpshooters: No mention of evolution was made in another article
about archer fish. In
Current Biology
(16:4, 21 February 2006, Pages 378-383, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.12.037),
scientists found that these amazing sharpshooters (see 09/07/2004)
can actually learn each others tricks, and perform them without practicing.
These are mere samples of many papers that study design in nature and mention nothing about
Darwins theory. They seem to prosper as scientific works without relying on what Darwinists
call the foundation or cornerstone of biology: evolution. Phillip Skell, a member of the
National Academy of Sciences, underscored this point in a recent article in the
Philadelphia
Inquirer. He illustrated a point made by Darwinist A.S. Wilkins:
Evolution would appear to be the indispensable unifying idea and, at the same time, a highly superfluous one.
Everybody is taught that it is the cornerstone of biology, but in actual practice,
no one really uses it.
I examined the great biodiscoveries of the 20th century the double helix, the
mapping of genomes, the characterization of the ribosome, research on medications and
drug reactions, improvements in food production and sanitation, new surgeries.
I even queried biologists in areas where youd expect Darwinian theory
to most benefit research, as in the emergence of antibiotic and pesticide resistance
(antibiotic resistance was first recognized in the clinic, from fatal relapses among
tuberculosis patients). Darwins theory provided no discernible guidance.
Instead, it was brought in, after the breakthroughs, as an interesting narrative gloss.
He also asked them if they would have done their work differently if Darwin was wrong.
They all said no.
Ironically, in the very same issue of Science that contained two articles defending
Darwinism and attacking intelligent design (see 02/10/2006),
the editors also awarded the Grand Prize for the Young Scientist essay contest.
The winning entry? A wonderful piece by a Turkish grad student,
Ahmet Yildiz
(Science10 February 2006: Vol. 311. no. 5762, p. 793, DOI: 10.1126/science.1125068)
that not only avoids evolution, but has intelligent design written all over it
figuratively if not literally. The subject: How Molecular Motors Move.
Darwinism is the most useless, empty collection of
vain speculations in the world today. It doesnt help medicine, it doesnt
help engineering, it doesnt help biology or physics or chemistry or anything,
yet this is the theory that liberal theologians step all over themselves to embrace and
defend (see 02/11/2006). Despite its worthlessness and
the evil inherent in its core principles,
its defenders shield it from criticism and race to attack alternatives with more
zeal than any Grand Inquisitor. Isnt it time for a breath of freedom?
Next headline on:
Darwinism and Evolutionary Theory
Biomimetics
Intelligent Design
The Early Man Gets the Warmed-Over Darwinism
02/27/2006

Governor Chris Buttars of Utah was disappointed that the state senate voting down a bill that would have
toned down the dogmatism of Darwinism in the schools; he felt it was time to rein in teachers who were
teaching that man had descended from apes, and rattling the faith of students
(see AP story).
The media and journals, however, rattle on about human evolution as they have for a century,
with no reins on their speculations. Here are some recent examples (emphasis added in all quotes):
The Naked Prey: At the AAAS annual meeting, evolutionary anthropologists
pondered visions of our ancestors not just as hunters and spear-throwers, but as cat chow.
A picture in Science1 showed a notch in a hominid skull that perfectly fit a
leopard tooth. Groups of Australopithecus afarensis (including Lucy) may have
gathered for mutual protection, and thus society was born. Living in such defensive
groups ultimately led early hominids to cooperate and socialize more fully, claimed
Robert Sussman (Washington U in St. Louis). Others are unconvinced; You cant go
from the observation a species is preyed upon to anything specific about their social relationships,
said another. A third defended Sussman: we are also a species marked by high
levels of cooperation [and] conflict resolution, ... and it is time science started paying more attention.
Sounds like early man is getting a makeover: less brutal, more sensitive and caring.
Neander Meander: Two scientists from Max Planck Institute taught a primer
on Neandertal Man in Current Biology.2 Their last Q&A was about what
happened to them. We will probably never know in detail, they confessed,
while listing the usual view that modern humans were more socially and intellectually successful
(though Neandertals had similar technology and cared for their injured). In the end,
the nature of our speculations about what happened to the Neandertals may say more about us
and how we see the current world than about what really happened 30,000 years ago.
They ended on a debate whether the modern humans committed genocide against the Neandertal
brethren, or rather got on just fine with them for up to 50,000 years an encouraging
example of long-term coexistence between two different forms of humans.
Genocidal maniacs or multiculturalists? Have it your way.
Scratch That: Never mind the previous entry.
News@Nature claims that
better radiocarbon dating puts the overlap between Neandertals and modern humans at only 5,000
years. Neanderthals are not expected to have lasted long in the face of such an influx
of superior technology, explains the press release (see also
MSNBC). How 5,000 years of overlap differs
substantially from recorded human history was left unexplained.
Did Chimps Pay Their Syntax? Klaus Zuberbühler (U of St. Andrews, UK)
wrote about the origin of language in primates. In Current Biology,3
he said, Research on alarm calls has yielded rare glimpses into the minds of our closest
relatives. A new study suggests that primates monitor the effect alarm calls have on others.
Noticing that most animals have alarm calls for predators, he speculated, In primates,
the ontogenetic process leading to the production of acoustically different call types is
probably under strong genetic control. But how to get from there to real
meaning? He quoted a proverb: The meaning of a term, it has been argued, is nothing more than its use.
Its the sheer variety of possible human vocalizations that led to semantics:
This concatenation ability is at the core of all languages, raw material for vocal
imitation and responsible for the generation of an infinite number of novel sequences.
Yet there are some monkeys with quite a repertoire of calls. Finding some evidence that
other monkeys responded to different calls differently, he felt this is a hint that they
were beginning to understand one another.
To Grammars House We Go: The
Max
Planck Society issued a press release about the origin of grammar. The researchers
decided it resides in brain evolution. They found that simple language structures are
processed in an area that is phylogenetically older, and which apes also possess,
they said. Complicated structures, by contrast, activate processes in a
comparatively younger area which only exists in a more highly evolved [sic] species: humans.
They left unstated how these brain areas were determined to be phylogenetically older or younger.
Presumably, a part is younger if the human has it and the less highly evolved primate does not.
Little Knock-Kneed Lucy: Our ancestors walked with an unsteady gate and were a bit knock-kneed,
reports a press release from Arizona State on EurekAlert.
How was this determined? By looking at how the shin bone connected to the ankle bone,
they decided that robust australopithecines took awhile to get used to bipedalism.
They admitted walking upright must have been rare.
The skeletal modifications associated with bipedalism represent a
phenomenal reorganization of ones anatomy, said Gary Schwartz. It
is unlikely that it could have evolved independently in multiple hominin lineages.
There must have been variations on a theme as evolution was tinkering
with the parts. Schwartz added with a little jest, Scientists have long been fascinated
with robust australopithecines because they were so distinctive from the neck up, he said.
Now we have evidence [sic] that they were interesting from the knee down as well.
Knock, knock.
Religion by Natural Selection: Jesse M. Bering suggested where belief in
the supernatural came from: good old Darwinian natural selection. Writing in
American Scientist,
he asked, Could a belief in a deity or an afterlife be evolutionarily advantageous?
His team did some experiments on children to determine at what age they began to believe that spirits
were sending them messages, or that deceased relatives experienced physical appetites.
Its a question for science, the abstract states: the rigorous study of supernatural beliefs by
psychological science can be important for a complete understanding of human cognitive development.
1Dan Ferber, AAAS ANNUAL MEETING: Preyed Upon, Hominids Began to Cooperate,
Science,
24 February 2006: Vol. 311. no. 5764, p. 1095, DOI: 10.1126/science.311.5764.1095b.
2Jean-Jacques Hublin and Svante Pääbo, Quick Guide: Neandertals,
Current Biology,
Volume 16, Issue 4, 21 February 2006, Pages R113-R114.
3Klaus Zuberbühler, Language Evolution: The Origin of Meaning in Primates,
Current Biology,
Volume 16, Issue 4, 21 February 2006, Pages R123-R125.
Do you understand why Governor Buttars was concerned?
Search the evolutionary literature, and you will find many more examples like this.
No matter what the data are, evolutionists contort it into an evolutionary picture and
then speculate wildly on things they cannot possibly know. Never is there any
opportunity in these publications for critics of the whole show to explain why it is
utter foolishness. Thats why the Darwin Party is so paranoid about letting
honest criticism make its way into the public sphere. The Darwin Society of
Storytellers would not be able to handle the embarrassment.
Next headline on:
Early Man
Darwinism and Evolutionary Theory
Dumb Ideas
Epitaph: Dr. Henry M. Morris, Jr. (1918-2006) 02/25/2006

The man considered the father of the modern creationist movement, a prolific
author, scientist and founder of the Institute for Creation Research (ICR), died Saturday
night at age 87 after a series of small strokes. An announcement at
Answers in Genesis said
his mind was sharp till shortly before the end.
Dr. Henry Morris (PhD, hydraulic engineering, Rice University)
and Dr. John Whitcomb awakened a slumbering church in
1961 with The Genesis Flood, a book that many have claimed marked the beginning of the modern
creationist movement. The book presented convincing scientific evidence against long ages and for a global watery
cataclysm. In 1970, Morris left Virginia Tech where he was head
of the department of civil engineering, to pursue his creation activities full time.
With Dr. Duane Gish, a biochemist from UC Berkeley, Morris formed the Institute for Creation
Research. The fledgling work, begun on a shoestring, soon grew into the leading
creationist research institute in the world and added a museum and graduate school.
Morris and Gish debated hundreds of scientists on college campuses across America and
around the world. His 50+ books, unabashedly Christian and literally Biblical but also
very astute about science and the history of evolutionary thought, have had an enormous impact
on generations of readers.
Gentle and soft-spoken in person but impregnable with a pen, Dr. Henry Morris
was still writing things up to his final few days. The breadth and depth of subjects
he wrote about is remarkable. His last monthly entry for the ICR newsletter can be read
on the ICR
Website as an example of his sharp mind at age 87. The work at ICR continues under
the leadership of his son John Morris, a PhD in geological engineering. The institute has begun
several new research projects including one in genetics, after the recent conclusion of its 8-year RATE project,
an interdisciplinary analysis of radioactive dating by 11 scientists.
A little over three years ago, ICR hosted a large, well-attended
conference at Calvary Chapel, Costa Mesa called Passing the Torch of Creation,
where Morris received a standing ovation after being introduced to speak at one of his last
public appearances. He will be missed by all who loved him and his work; indeed,
even his pro-Darwinist enemies will probably pay their respects. While denouncing his
beliefs, they never could deny his personal character, integrity and influence.1
His many books, along with audio and video recordings, and not least the institution he founded,
will ensure that Dr. Henry M. Morris, Jr. will remain near to the creation movement he revived.
1For instance, Dr. Edward
Larson, in the Teaching Company series
The Theory of Evolution: A History of Controversy
called Morris a very sincere, honest and direct person whose books and institute have had
an enormous influence; in fact, Larsons account is remarkable for its lack of
any disparaging word about the man whose naive literalism2 has been so despised by evolutionists
and liberal theologians. This lecture series, by the way, is also remarkable for its fair
treatment of the intelligent design movement, and its silence about any conclusive evidence for evolution.
2It should be clarified what Biblical literalism means. Dr. Morris believed that
Scripture passages should be interpreted in their plain, ordinary sense when it was clear from
the context that the author intended to communicate a historical narrative or factual statement.
Morris understood the Biblical language of appearance and
was well aware of hermeneutical principles for understanding poetry and allegory; he just
denied that Genesis 1-11 was such a passage. A recent study of verbs in Genesis 1-2 by
Dr. Steven Boyd, team member of ICRs RATE project, demonstrated that the Genesis creation
account does not fit Hebrew poetical style but matches Hebrew narrative verb usage at a 99%+ confidence level.
Dr. Morris demonstrated how one man, committed to God and
his word, can make a difference. Almost every creationist leader today is indebted
to his life and works. In the 1960s there were very few books on creation.
Evolution dominated the textbooks and most churches, intimidated by science, preferred to avoid the issue.
Henry Morriss first small paperback, The Bible and Modern Science, began to change things.
Then The Genesis Flood electrified a new generation of college-educated Christians.
Liberal churches had long since given in to Darwinism completely, and many Bible-believing
churches had capitulated to long ages and uniformitarianism. Assuming that science
had proved deep time, they merely tried to accommodate it with compromises like the gap theory
or progressive creation.
Morris and Whitcomb demonstrated that it was possible to
look at the fossil record and the geological strata in a new way that corroborated the
Bible record of a world-wide flood. Not only that, they showed how the scientific
evidence was superior to that of the evolutionists. A new army of creation scientists launched into further
investigations that continue to the present day. New organizations, like the
Bible-Science Association and the Creation Research Society, were formed and numerous
spin-off clubs and societies have kept the creation movement growing in strength and extent
around the world. Almost all of them can trace some ancestry back to ICR.
We hope to have a lengthier bio on Morris for the March Scientist of the Month.
Henry Morris never boasted about himself but always sought to honor Jesus Christ
and remain faithful to God's word. He was aware to the last of the crucial nature of
this intellectual battle. The battle has become more heated than ever (see next
story). Having passed the torch on to a new generation, he didnt
leave the field, but continued to challenge and encourage others to the end. Dr. Morris
has been the Moses of modern creationism. His personal endurance,
patience and integrity, and the wisdom of his books, need to inspire a new generation
of Joshuas and Calebs to be strong and very courageous, and to take back the land,
for good science and the glory of God.
Next headline on:
Bible and Theology
Darwinists Rattle Sabers Against I.D. 02/24/2006

Has there ever been a controversy among scientists more acrimonious than the current one over
intelligent design? It seems all the big science Goliaths are determined to eradicate
intelligent design from the earth, yet the I.D. Davids are standing their ground.
History is written by the victors, wrote Henry Gee in Nature
this week (see 02/23/2006 story); though stated in an unrelated
context, his proverb fits here as well: This is as true for our account of
evolution as it is for purely human affairs. Here are some examples of the
bellicose rhetoric emanating from scientific institutions:
- Support our troops: Nigel Williams in Current Biology this week1
said, Evolutionary biologists in the US got a little early seasonal cheer in December with
a detailed and comprehensive attack on the increasingly widespread notion of intelligent design.
Though he repeated the caution that it is far from over, he called Judge Jones
decision a coruscating attack on the intelligent design case. Calling
Darwins ideas of evolution rock solid, Williams was surprised that so many British
disbelieved his views, as shown by a recent poll (01/26/2006).
Williams repeated common criticisms about ID, that it is religiously motivated, a right-wing American
phenomenon, and if successful, would bring science to a halt.
- Political science: Nature2 praised Al Gores new global-warming
documentary, and took note of Randy Olsons advice in Flock of Dodos that the
evolutionists need to beef up their public relations (see 02/17/2006).
- Medical emergency: Donald Kennedy in Science,3 accompanied by
some evolutionary friends, called doctors to the fray. Medicine needs evolution,
he said. Stressing the positive, they said, training in evolutionary thinking can
help both biomedical researchers and clinicians ask useful questions that they might not otherwise
pose. On the negative, evolutionary training can help biomedical researchers understand
that both the human body and its pathogens are not perfectly designed machines but evolving
biological systems shaped by selection under the constraints of tradeoffs that produce
specific compromises and vulnerabilities. Examples: lower back pain in humans,
wisdom teeth, narrowness of the birth canal, etc. There is growing recognition that
cough, fever, and diarrhea are useful responses shaped by natural selection, he claimed.
- Das Boot: Constance Holden reported with an air of triumph in Science4
that Ohio booted out ID. She quoted evolution supporters who called the decision
to remove a creationist-inspired sentence allowing for criticism of evolution a
stunning victory. The article included a political cartoon of a Trojan Horse
in the shape of a Panda, referencing the suggested alternative textbook, Of Pandas and People.
She discounted the surveys that show strong public support for ID, quoting a professor who
touted, anyone can play the survey game because another poll found 84% of respondents
had never heard of ID (although the poll noted by the Discovery Institute was not about ID,
but about whether criticisms of evolutionary theory should be allowed; see
02/15/2006). In an editorial in the
Cincinnati
Inquirer, Roddy Bullock regretted that Ohio had turned back the clock on intelligent
design, thus granting Darwinism state protection as a dogma to be believed, not merely learned.
- All the Bias Thats Fit to Print:
Evolution News
has had several entries this week criticizing the New York Times for continuing to misrepresent ID
even when they have been repeatedly corrected by the Discovery Institute.
- Sunday School for Anti-ID Warriors:
Science Daily reported
on the recent AAAS Sunday conference for educators on how to deal with creationism and intelligent
design (see 02/20/2006). Evolution on the Front Line
also produced a strong statement on the teaching of evolution and opposition to intelligent design
(see AAAS
website, PDF) taking its cue from Judge John Jones ruling that ID is religion, not science.
It stressed that there is no significant controversy within the scientific community about
the validity of the theory of evolution. The soldiers are all in uniform and lined up in
straight ranks.
The AAAS also posted a press
release about the event, showing Animal Planet star Jeff Corwin at the podium and
giving prominent place to Vatican astronomer George Coyne who called creationists a plague
in our midst. The release has a link to audio and powerpoint files from the meetings.
- Not Backing Down: The
Discovery
Institute, despite all this criticism, announced that its list of scientists encouraging
criticisms of Darwinism has swelled to over 500 (see also
World Net Daily story). Discovery
Institute has opened a new website to
post the names: www.dissentfromdarwin.org.
Given the climate, each signatory has taken somewhat of a career risk to become associated
with the statement, We are skeptical of claims for the ability of random mutation and natural
selection to account for the complexity of life. Careful examination of the evidence for
Darwinian theory should be encouraged.
1Nigel Williams, Growing challenge of Darwins detractors,
Current Biology,
Volume 16, Issue 4, 21 February 2006, Pages R107-R108, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.015.
2News, Grizzlies, dodos and Gore put science on film,
Nature
439, 902 (23 February 2006) | doi:10.1038/439902a.
3Randolph M. Nesse, Stephen C. Stearns and Donald Kennedy, Editorial:
Medicine Needs Evolution,
Science,
24 February 2006: Vol. 311. no. 5764, p. 1071, DOI: 10.1126/science.1125956.
4Constance Holden, Ohio School Board Boots Out ID,
Science,
24 February 2006: Vol. 311. no. 5764, p. 1083, DOI: 10.1126/science.311.5764.1083.
What if they held a war, and nobody came? The elitist
science institutions are increasingly out of touch with reality, let alone American culture.
A huge undercurrent of American sentiment finds Darwinism unconvincing and wants it to
be open to critical examination. They also find arguments for ID compelling.
Nevertheless, mirroring the coastal blue states that surround a vast red-state middle America,
you will notice that the same journals that trash ID praise political liberals (Al Gore),
and never have anything good to say about political conservatives (George W. Bush).
They love religious liberals who capitulate
100% to Darwinism (see
02/11/2006) but hate religious conservatives who
think the Bible might actually have something worthwhile to say. These scientific
elitists tend to congregate in government-funded institutions rather than for-profit
businesses. They occupy the campuses where Democrats outnumber Republicans 20 to 1,
where Political Correctness rules allow Marxist radicals to gain tenure and a platform to
trash America with reckless abandon while conservatives (or even moderates) must guard their every word,
like Larry Summers who was finally ousted from the presidency of Harvard this week
(see Ben
Shapiro epitaph).
As shown many
times here, this is not a battle of science vs. faith. We all have the same scientific
evidence. It is understandable that religious conservatives would be attracted to
intelligent design, because they already believe in a Designer. But the pro-Darwinians
project themselves as unbiased, religiously-neutral, scholarly lovers of truth who were
led to their position merely by the preponderance of evidence (but compare the next
two entries). Why, then, are they almost uniformly political liberals and far
leftists? (see Michael
Fumento column).
The same battle went on in the 19th century in Britain. At about the time a
consensus on science was firming up, and the word scientist became
a new title taken up by what had been natural philosophers, similar political
forces opposed one another. The battle lines
became drawn between younger, anti-establishment types in the British Association and
the older, more conservative natural theologians in the universities. The BAAS
tended toward mechanical philosophy that viewed the universe as a machine governed by
laws, as opposed to the romantic science championed by Schelling and Goethe that viewed
nature as an organism of which humans were intertwined. Ironically, the mechanists
viewed man as an evolved animal, but tended to discuss science as if
objective, outside observers.
The human dynamics of the 19th century battles are instructive.
At about the same time, science became a career, and large institutions took shape.
In many respects, the ones who gained control of the institutions and journals were the
liberal, radical followers of the likes of Darwin, Tyndall and Huxley. It was not that their science
was better than that of Maxwell, Faraday, Sedgwick, Agassiz, Pasteur and other people
of faith (whatever that vapid phrase means). Darwins people of froth managed to
steer a movement that had the presumptive authority of science toward the acquisition of power for
those who were predominantly liberal and anti-establishment.
This complex history
should not be oversimplified, but it underscores the fact that science is inescapably a human
enterprise. It is not purely an objective process of gathering facts toward unbiased conclusions.
Philosophy and politics are inextricably involved, and the more removed from the observable and
testable, the more the worldview of the practitioner matters. Nothing in science could be
more worldview-laden than the origin and meaning of life. Should the mechanists and materialists have the
final word on such important subjects? What if one party were to gain control of the centers of power
and manage to ostracize the competition? Is that not what has happened?
History is written by the victors, Henry Gee reminded us. It is the duty of
all fair-minded and knowledgeable observers to ensure that the Darwin Party, which usurped
power in the late 19th and 20th centuries, does not succeed in their ongoing efforts to write their
critics out of the history books and shut off all accountability for their disreputable shenanigans.
Next headline on:
Darwinism
Intelligent Design
Education
Jurassic Beaver Raises Fur 02/24/2006

Another mammal has been found smack in the middle of the age of dinosaurs. Science
reported the discovery of Castorocauda lutrasimilis, an aquatic mammal about 17 long, found in China and dated
according to evolutionary reckoning to 164 million years old some 40 million years older than the
previous record holder (see also 04/01/2005 and
01/12/2005 finds). Though not a beaver (perhaps
more like a platypus or echidna), it resembled beavers and otters in several ways, including
having webbed feet and a flattened tail with various grades of real mammal fur.
Its name means beavertailed otter-like animal.
The discoverers, Qiang Ji et al.,1 were amazed to find soft-tissue features,
including webbing between toes, carbonized underfur and fur impressions. This pushes
back the origin of fur by millions of years.
Thomas Martin put this find in context with other known mammal kin,2
and delineated the unexpected diversity of Jurassic and Cretaceous mammals.
Not too long ago,
TV documentaries were portraying even Cretaceous-era mammals as little shrew-size wimps scurrying
underfoot the ruling dinosaurs. The aquatic adaptations of Castorocauda demonstrates
that land mammals were already diverse and well-adapted to a wide variety of habitats.
This implies that any common ancestor has to be pushed farther back in the evolutionary tale.
The story was picked up by
MSNBC News, which said this fossil
overturns ideas about mammals lowly status in dinosaur era, and
by National
Geographic, which said this rewrites the history of mammals.
Finding fur and soft tissues on a mammal assumed this old clearly astonished all the reporters
and experts.
1Ji et al., A Swimming Mammaliaform from the Middle Jurassic and
Ecomorphological Diversification of Early Mammals,
Science,
24 February 2006: Vol. 311. no. 5764, pp. 1123 - 1127, DOI: 10.1126/science.1123026.
2Thomas Martin, Early Mammalian Evolutionary Experiments,
Science,
24 February 2006: Vol. 311. no. 5764, pp. 1109 - 1110, DOI: 10.1126/science.1124294.
How many anomalies like this is it going to take?
This completely-unexpected find pushes the evolutionary ancestry tale and timeline to the breaking point.
Imagine finding a good-sized, well-adapted, aquatic mammal way back in the mid-Jurassic.
You didnt see these in Jurassic Park.
LiveScience and the other
Charlie-worshipping news outlets expect us to believe that this pushes back the origin of
aquatic mammals 100 million years. How can you believe that? This
critter pops out of nowhere, goes extinct, and a hundred million years later, the Beav
pops up out of nowhere? LieScience also claims this animal was not a monotreme or a beaver,
but a close relative, and achieved its lifestyle adaptations by convergent
evolution. When are people going to get sick and tired of these cop-out
excuses?
Darwin defenders have long claimed that it would be easy to falsify
evolution: just show a vertebrate in the Cambrian. So we did. Or find a
mammal in the Cambrian. Were getting close. There have been a steady
stream of discoveries that have push advanced life-forms farther back in time (e.g.,
next story), meaning that
mucho evolution had to take place in poco tiempo. At the other end, the Cambrian
explosion (02/14/2006) with its sudden emergence of all the major body plans in the blink of a
geologic eye has gotten tighter. These problems arise even assuming the geologic timetable.
Now, mix in the discovery of flexible, soft tissues in as much as half the dinosaur bones
found (see 02/22/2006) and the Darwin storytelling machine is
pushing past the red line.
Adding to the crisis from another angle, consider the situation in planetary science.
At a public lecture at JPL today,
the speaker described the huge puzzle of supersonic winds on Venus (driven probably by active
volcanoes), and the completely unexpected discovery of water geysers on Enceladus (see
11/28/2005) impossible to maintain for billions
of years. He had no answers. He stressed how baffling Enceladus is in particular,
because scientists cant invoke tidal flexing or any of the other tricks used to
explain Ios volcanoes. These are just two samples among a number of recent anomalies
that have scientists scratching their heads and scrambling to explain things that, in an
old solar system, simply cannot be.
These problems each stem from trusting in a timeline that is no longer
plausible. Lyell, the lawyer, was wrong about his quasi-eternal, steady-state
earth. Like the other Charlie, he is dead, and the ideas of both of them have
outlived their 15 decades of fame. Let them rest in peace, and lets move
on. Who in the science community will be first to state the obvious?
That fur is not 164 million years old, and neither are those blood vessels
in the dinosaur bones, or those geysers on Enceladus. They look young because they are.
Next headline on:
Fossils
Mammals
Dating Methods
Darwinism and Evolutionary Theory
Its a Long (Roundabout) Way from Amphioxus 02/23/2006

Every solution breeds new problems laments a Murphyism, and Henry Gee feels
the pain. In Nature this week,1 he delved into the growing quandary
about where to put the common ancestor of starfish, sea squirts and chordates, including
the vertebrates and us human beings. His challenge is to prove the idiots sanity:
So, if lancelets really are close relatives of echinoderms, what are the implications
for our picture of deuterostome evolution? The short answer is that
the textbook scheme is turned on its head. Rather than the steady acquisition of
progressively more chordate-like (and, by implication, human-like) features from an
ancestor with nothing much to recommend it, the story becomes one of persistent loss.
The last common ancestor of extant deuterostomes would have been a free-living,
bilaterally symmetrical creature with a distinct throat region perforated by gill slits,
segmented body-wall musculature and possibly a reasonably sophisticated brain and central
nervous system. In a sentence, the ancestor would have looked like a cross between
an amphioxus and a larger, brainier, tunicate tadpole larva.
Crazy? Possibly. But possibly not.
(Emphasis added in all quotes.)
Reporting on phylogenetic study by Delsuc et al. from fossils and genetics in the same issue,2
the senior editor at Nature tried to be upbeat about the latest proposal, but
called it another exercise in humility. Time and again,
he preached, further work has exposed our prejudices for the parochial conceits that they are.
A quote from the paper by Delsuc et al. shares this view, and demonstrates the revolutionary
nature of the proposed new phylogeny:
The monophyly of Olfactores invalidates the traditional textbook representation of chordate,
and even deuterostome, evolution as a steady increase towards complexity culminating in the
highly specialized brain of vertebrates. This anthropocentric interpretation is
perhaps best reflected by the terms Euchordata (that is, true chordates) or
chordates with a brain, which are used to designate the grouping of cephalochordates and
vertebrates. Tunicates should therefore no longer be considered as primitive but
rather as derived chordates with highly specialized lifestyles and developmental modes.
Meanwhile, over in
Science Now, Elizabeth Pennisi quoted some
other evolutionists not quite ready to accept the new phylogenetic tree. Calling the
tunicate an ugly sister, Pennisi quoted experts saying the proposal will turn some heads,
and the jury is still out. She said they said, Tunicates and larvaceans evolve rapidly and have
gained and lost so many genes that its very hard to position them properly in an
evolutionary tree.
1Henry Gee, Evolution: Careful with that amphioxus,
Nature
439, 923-924 (23 February 2006) | doi:10.1038/439923a.
2Delsuc et al., Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates,
Nature
439, 965-968 (23 February 2006) | doi:10.1038/nature04336.
Evolutionists could use a lot more humility. They
should quit the parochial school of Pope Charlie that is producing a class of lemmings
who cling to crazy ideas.
What Gee is saying contradicts evolution. This new story line puts the advanced
muscles, nervous system and mobility of Amphioxus before organisms that were
assumed more primitive (in the old progressive evolution picture), and
describes subsequent evolution as a story of persistent loss.
Meanwhile, Eugenie Scott and Alan Gishlick sit on a Grand Canyon beach
trying to whoop up enthusiasm for their evening song service: Its a long
way from amphioxus / Its a long way to us. / Its a long way from amphioxus to the
meanest human cuss. / Goodbye fins and gill slits / Hello lungs and hair! / Its a long,
long way from amphioxus, / But we come from there
(10/06/2005 commentary).
Its even longer when youre going backwards. Gees story gives them
more food for cuss.
Next headline on:
Fossils
Genetics
Darwinism and Evolutionary Theory
March of the Selfish Darwinians?
02/23/2006

Penguins: are they moral models, or evolutionary examples? Ever since last years
surprise blockbuster documentary March of the Penguins, the well-dressed seabirds and
their harsh lives have provoked empathy and commentary. Marlene Zuk (UC Riverside) took issue in
Nature1 with those who try to moralize about monogamy from taking their cues
only from the movie. She pointed to instances of apparent homosexual behavior and
mate-swapping, to say nothing of the variety of sexual antics in the animal kingdom.
Launching into moral lessons of her own, Zuk demonstrated what radically different lessons
one can take from observations of nature:
Tom Turnipseed, writing for the website Zmag.org, suggested that the real message lies
in the penguins cooperating with one another and sacrificing their
own lives and individual gain for the common good and survival of their own kind
behaviour that executives at Enron, the US energy company involved in an
infamous corruption scandal, should have emulated. Other reviews also allude to
this supposedly altruistic behaviour and the inexplicable love shown.
Were we watching the same film? In fact, the penguins are perfect little darwinians,
selfish as can be. No one seemed to question why the birds took such pains on their return
to the breeding grounds to find their own mate, their own chick, in a crowd of thousands of
look-alikes. It seemed human, after all, like sailors returning from war eagerly
seeking their families among the throng on shore.
(Emphasis added in all quotes.)
So what is the darwinian explanation for this behavior? Zuk anticipates one objection,
then brings evolution to the rescue, ending on a moral lesson of her own:
But if the penguins simply needed to save the species, surely any chick would do, and
feeding the nearest hungry beak would save all that tramping through the snow searching for
ones special little one. Why bother? Evolution supplies the answer:
only scrupulous discrimination of your own kin will perpetuate ones genes.
How the penguins manage such sophisticated feats is a fascinating area of study, one
that will yield much more than a consideration of whether they are good role models for monogamy.
If we use animals as poster children for ideology, we not only end up in
meaningless arguments over whose examples are more significant (cannibalistic mantids
or promiscuous bonobos?), we risk losing sight of what is truly interesting and
important about their behaviour. What the executives at Enron are supposed to learn is another story.
1Marlene Zuk, Family values in black and white,
Nature
439, 917 (23 February 2006) | doi:10.1038/439917a.
This article provides a case study on the self-refuting nature
of Darwinian explanations.
The commentary that follows is not going to defend anthropomorphism and moralizing from animals
Zuk is right that you could pick and choose between extremes and find any moral lesson you want out
there in the wild. According to the Judeo-Christian tradition, morality requires a rational
mind and personhood. A knowledgeable theologian would not make the mistake of attributing penguin
behavior to rational moral choice and forethought. Object lessons from penguin behavior might
prove useful as pedagogical aids, as long as one does not really believe the birds are rationally choosing
moral actions. The intelligent design perspective would be
that animals operate according to internal programs designed to preserve the species in a dynamic
environment. But how can Zuk, on the other extreme, claim that the emperor penguins are
perfect little darwinians, selfish as can be? Her explanation might sound reasonable
to a high-school biology student, but is unworthy of scholarly readers of Nature, because a
careful look reveals that it falls into the same anthropomorphic, moralizing trap. Worse, it
overlooks the most important aspects of the march of the penguins that need explaining.
Zuk tried to pre-empt the objection that any chick would do, so lets
consider her answer. Why wouldnt any chick do?
Within a strictly Darwinian picture of the scene, the objection she sweeps away so dismissively seems
valid. Why would natural selection go to the extra cost of evolving strict pair-bonding?
That would require heritable genetic mutations leading to accurate discrimination of specific calls from
one mate out of thousands, and behaviors that defer compensation till the correct mate is found.
Lets call one pair Homer and Marge, and their little chick Maggie. Wouldnt it make
much more sense in evolutionary terms for Marge to go direct to the fittest-looking chick in the
crowd? Suppose Marge finds Homer, only to see that little Maggie is a sickly, scrawny youngster
not likely to last long in the struggle for life. If evolutionists talk about mate choice
and choosy females as part of the process of passing on ones genes, then certainly
we can ask about chick choice. It seems that would make even better sense in a Darwinian
world, where the individual doesnt really matter in the long run.
The fittest chick is going to be the one most likely to carry on the genes of the population.
Why wouldnt penguins evolve toward a behavior where all the chicks go running out to the mothers,
and the fastest ones get the food? By this time Homers work is done. He may not even
link up with Marge next season. If a male is needed for another month of rearing, any of the
nearly identical tuxedo-attired dudes could do the job.
The only way Zuk could claim her answer is better is to violate a Darwinian principle
and commit a logical fallacy. She has to admit to a moral standard and commit anthropomorphism,
the very errors she set out to debunk. The moral standard, perverse though it is, is that
individual selfishness is good. Notice her words, perfect little darwinians, selfish as
can be. By implication, selfishness is a good thing because it contributes to survival and
the passing on of ones genes. But that begs the question of why these are good values. The logical
fallacy is to imagine that penguins can be selfish, or exercise enough forethought and self-control
against the severe rigors of their harsh environment to decide, in penguin-English, If I can just
manage to hold on against these hardships, I will be rewarded by passing on my genes.
If penguins cannot care about monogamy, they cannot care about what happens to their genes.
If nobody cares, though, then the cheaper way for evolution to keep the penguin population booming is to
reward the top contenders; line up the 90th percentile of fittest chicks with the females that have the
most food, and let the rest die off, regardless of who the parents are.
Zuk completely ignored a more serious problem. She only addressed the individual
pair-bonding behavior, not the origin of the penguins themselves (see also
11/10/2005 and
10/27/2005 entries). How did the bones, wings, scuba gear,
ears, eyes, waterproof coat, muscles and tendons, and organ systems evolve? She assumes that we
will accept the Darwinian mechanism for all the wonders of nature just because she can concoct a story
about how selfish genes produced individual pair bonding. This is so typical of evolutionists.
They seize the gnat and claim ownership of the camel. Finding one customer willing to say he feels better after
taking Darwins Finest Natural Selection Snake Oil, they advertise it to the world as the panacea for the universe.
Also, she herself points to the fact that sexual behaviors in the animal kingdom are extremely
diverse. If Darwin fulfilled the Newtonian Dream of finding a natural law for biology, how can it
explain opposites? Where are his equations? Why would not Darwins mechanism steer all
populations toward uniform behaviors, instead of producing cannibalism among mantids, promiscuity among bonobos,
and monogamy among birds? By explaining everything, it explains nothing. Evolutionary theory does
not predict the behavior observed among emperor penguins, but only tries to attach a story to it after
the fact. The Darwin Party has replaced the science lab with a storytelling pub for lazy scientists
(see 12/22/2003 commentary).
A nice film like March of the Penguins may stir our hearts, but
whether or not penguins make good role models for humans is completely beside the point.
Darwinism fails to account for the origin of all living things, not just penguins.
Evolutionary explanations are speculative, anthropomorphic, and inadequate.
By moralizing herself in a somewhat haughty tone, Zuk has only reinforced the reality
that humans care about right and wrong.
As for the penguins, they are getting pretty tired of all this evolutionary
speculating, too. See Eco
Inquirer for the story....
Next headline on:
Birds
Darwinism
Politics and Ethics
Join the Dinosaur Soft-Tissue Treasure Hunt
02/22/2006

Many Dino Fossils Could Have Soft Tissue Inside, announced
National Geographic
in an eye-catching title. Based on the work of Mary Schweitzer, who announced soft
tissue in a T. rex bone last year (06/03/2005), a phenomenon, which
was once thought impossible,
the article suggests that many species may have DNA and proteins remaining available for
analysis. Half of the fossils Schweitzer has examined revealed features that are
virtually indistinguishable from tissue samples from modern species.
This runs contrary to established concepts about how fossils form and
mineralize, but the evidence speaks for itself. Schweitzer teased a reporter
with two microscope images of red blood cells: One of these cells is 65 million years old
[sic], and one is about 9 months old. Can anyone tell me which is which?
OK, the hunt is on. Time to examine dinosaur
bones from around the world and analyze this new source of data. Seek and
ye shall find, one of the subtitles states without referencing Jesus.
These findings need to be correlated with solid research on the fossilization
process. This could be
a test not only of theories about fossilization and dating methods, but of the willingness
of evolutionists to follow the evidence where it leads. Dont count on it;
Peggy Ostrom has already remarked, we can actually look at the real molecules
that existed half a million years ago.
Dr. Epistemology responded, Well, what do you know.
Next headline on:
Dinosaurs
Dating Methods
Fossils
Of Talking Trees and Plant Perfumes 02/21/2006

Its not just Middle Earth where the trees talk. The forests of Regular Earth
have a language, too: a chemical language called the invisible bouquet by
Pamela J. Hines, introducing a special series of articles on plant communication in
Science.1
Of the thousands of different metabolites that plants can produce, many form a cloud around the plant.
These volatile compounds reflect the metabolic complexity of plants and also serve a diversity of
functions. Volatile compounds signal opportunity to insects, pathogens, and pollinators alike.
In a classic case of the enemy of my enemy is my friend, plants being nibbled on by insect herbivores
can produce volatile signals that call in other insects to prey on the herbivores. For plants that
flower at night, volatiles may be a better signal than floral color or shape to draw in the
best insect pollinators. Volatile signals are also read by neighboring plants and reinterpreted
as instructions to adjust their own defenses.
(Emphasis added in all quotes.)
The aromatic story of plant volatiles is described in detail in three papers in
the same issue of Science. Pichersky, Noel and Dudareva characterize
the complex chemistry of many of these compounds produced by plants as natures
diversity and ingenuity.2 These compounds dont just happen;
they are constructed in complex stepwise fashion like technical lab work in organic chemistry,
involving methylation, acylation, oxidation/reduction, and formation of aromatic rings.
Plants have specialized enzymes for these tasks. The authors description of the
assembly of compounds that make roses smell sweet
is mind-numbingly technical. Whats more, the compounds are produced by specialized
cells, containing storage vacuoles and mechanisms for timed release into the air. Though
the authors believe these processes evolved by gene duplication and diversification, they note that
Convergent evolution is often responsible [sic] for the ability of
distally related species to synthesize the same volatile.
Whether or not one agrees with that hypothesis, it must surely be surprising to learn that we
know of 1,000 such compounds so far, with probably many times that waiting to be discovered.
Other estimates in the magazine suggest tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of primary and
secondary metabolite chemicals made by plants, all with diverse biological properties and functions.
How plants manufacture, store and emit these chemicals is a neglected area of study, the authors say.
Another paper Baldwin et al.3 actually mentions talking trees
Plants may eavesdrop on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by
herbivore-attacked neighbors to activate defenses before being attacked themselves.
Transcriptome and signal cascade analyses of VOC-exposed plants suggest that plants eavesdrop
to prime direct and indirect defenses and to hone competitive abilities. Advances
in research on VOC biosynthesis and perception have facilitated the production of plants
that are genetically deaf to particular VOCs or mute in elements of
their volatile vocabulary. Such plants, together with advances in VOC
analytical instrumentation, will allow researchers to determine whether fluency enhances
the fitness of plants in natural communities.
The phrase talking trees has actually been used by scientists to explain
interplant communication; whether it is talking or eavesdropping may just be a point of
view. Experiments have shown that plants rendered deaf to these signals
are more susceptible to harm.
The last of the series of special articles on plant volatiles is of interest
to us humans. Why do spices attract our taste buds? It may be that our own
sense of smell is keen to which plants are healthy and which are toxic. Stephen
Goff and Harry Klee4 investigated whether plant volatiles provide clues for
health and nutritional value. There is evidence that the important
flavor-related volatiles are derived from essential nutrients. They add,
Although a single fruit or vegetable synthesizes several hundred volatiles,
only a small subset generates the flavor fingerprint that helps animals and
humans recognize appropriate foods and avoid poor or dangerous food choices.
Maybe we all need to practice a lost skill, and start sniffing more intently in the woods
or in the supermarket.
1Pamela J. Hines, The Invisible Bouquet,
Science
10 February 2006: Vol. 311. no. 5762, p. 803, DOI: 10.1126/science.311.5762.803.
2Pichersky, Noel and Dudareva, Biosynthesis of Plant Volatiles: Natures Diversity and Ingenuity,
Science
10 February 2006: Vol. 311. no. 5762, pp. 808 - 811, DOI: 10.1126/science.1118510.
3Baldwin et al., Volatile Signaling in Plant-Plant Interactions:
Talking Trees in the Genomics Era,
Science
10 February 2006: Vol. 311. no. 5762, pp. 812 - 815, DOI: 10.1126/science.1118446.
4Stephen A. Goff and Harry J. Klee, Plant Volatile Compounds: Sensory Cues for Health and Nutritional Value?,
Science
10 February 2006: Vol. 311. no. 5762, pp. 815 - 819, DOI: 10.1126/science.1112614.
Had you ever given much thought to this amazing
phenomenon? If you have ever studied organic chemistry, you know how complicated
synthesis of particular compounds can be. Plants do this kind of
synthesis in hundreds of thousands of ways, easily and purposefully, via complex
enzymes. The enzymes, furthermore, do not just perform at random in the cell,
but deliver their messaging molecules with storage and emission machinery.
This is all in addition to the sophisticated interplant internet processes
that keep the individual plant in touch with itself (11/09/2004,
08/12/2005).
Animal and human olfactory senses also require extremely sophisticated
mechanisms for detecting, transmitting and decoding these signals
(08/31/2005, 06/07/2005)
The whole picture is one of rich symbiosis involving numerous organisms working together
to maintain a rich and diverse ecology.
The warfare of nature metaphor may be misleading (plants being
attacked by insects, etc.; see 07/04/2003
Metaphors Bewitch You). It may be more appropriate to think of these interactions
as checks and balances in a homeostatic system. In a dynamic world
(picture ice hockey players with everyone in motion), there need to be ways to
accelerate some processes and put the brakes on others. Catastrophic imbalances
that lead to devastation or extinction may reflect not so much on the design of an
originally perfect creation, but on the judgment of a cursed world.
Evolutionists want us to believe that all this complexity and interconnectedness
is the result of blind, unguided, processes that managed to accumulate single benefits
of rare beneficial mistakes here and there. This story should remind us of
how improbable that explanation is. As usual, the evolutionists failed to
offer detailed scenarios of how the enzymes, vacuoles, emitters and sensory organs
evolved. They merely assumed that they did, somehow, even to the absurd
length of invoking that old hand-waving trick, convergent evolution.
Dont let the fallacies of fallible humans ruin your day.
Plant volatiles enrich our lives and make the world beautiful and informative.
Get out and smell the roses and tomatoes.
It was hip during the new age
fad to talk to your house plants. Whether they listened to your words or not
is debatable, but they might have been eavesdropping on your own VOCs.
Your wilting ficus or rhododendron might be trying to tell you something.
Next headline on:
Plants
Health
Amazing Stories
Alliance for Science or for Silence? 02/20/2006

The American Association for the Advancement of Science had an unusual item on their
agenda for their annual meeting in St. Louis: fight intelligent design.
The St.
Louis Dispatch reported that while churches were preaching the gospel Sunday morning,
the AAAS was preaching battle tactics. According to the article, though, they were
preaching to the converted.
Presenters at the conference said the battle is far from over. On Sunday morning, they announced the formation of a new organization of scientists, scientific groups and supporters the Alliance for Science to fight what they see as an assault on science from religious conservatives. The new organization aims to create graduate fellowships, increase funding for research, train math and science teachers, and build tax incentives for research and development, said co-chairman Paul Forbes.
Earlier in the conference, which began last week, a panel outlined tactics that public school teachers and scientists can take in teaching concepts such as intelligent design and creationism and how to keep them out of the classroom. They talked of using the media, educating voters and going to court, if needed.
(Emphasis added in all quotes.)
Reporters David Hunn and Tom Townsend quoted one creationist and one intelligent design lawyer
who thought this displayed insecurity on the part of the scientific establishment; they certainly did not appear
threatened by this new initiative. Educators at the conference described their experience
with students challenging them on their presentations of evolution. Some teachers are becoming
reluctant to bring up the subject at all.
Though the court cases in Dover, Cobb County
Frazier Park worked in their favor, evolutionists realize the battle is far from over.
Some took heart that the tide is turning as more scientists are beginning to step forward.
Most interesting quote in the article was from Vatican astronomer George Coyne:
One of the biggest problems teachers face is evangelical Christianity based on the
literal interpretation of the Scriptures, he said, calling biblical literalism
a plague in our midst.
Welcome to the American Association for the Advancement of
Dogmatism, and the Alliance for Silence. The pigs are in power, and have ruled that
all religions are equal, but some (like naturalism) are more equal than others.
They now want to train the attack dogs on the workhorses who built Empirical Farm and
bully them into submission. Meanwhile, they tell visitors, Controversy?
Theres no controversy here. This is utopia.
Did you notice the non-sequitur in
their battle plan? Increase funding for research, create graduate fellowships,
train math and science teachers, build tax incentives for research and development
great ideas (unless the pigs are the teachers and the attack dogs guard the doors).
Do the pigs ever look in the mirror and realize they resemble Farmer Jones?
We have a better idea for them. Find scientific evidence that
chance and necessity can turn hydrogen into people. Then find evidence that it
did.
Wonder what Jesus would think about Coyne calling those who trust the
word of God a plague in our midst. We take this to mean Coyne feels
about them like bugs feel about Raid.
Next headline on:
Darwinism and Evolution
Intelligent Design
Education
Bible and Theology
Stupid Evolution Quote of the Week: Better Living Through Chemistry 02/18/2006

Joel Achenbach (Washington Post) got a page in the
March 2006 National Geographic.
His short piece on chemical evolution was juxtaposed (whether intentionally or not we do not know) against a news
item on archaeology announcing the discovery of a new Dead Sea Scroll
the first found in 40 years a fragment from Leviticus 23 on priestly ordinances for feasts and
solemn assemblies unto the Lord. Achenbachs page could hardly contrast more
starkly. It is entitled, The Origin of Life... Through Chemistry.
For Achenbach, the Pentateuch is clearly not a contender as a source of answers to the big questions:
The emergence of life on Earth is on a short list of the biggest unknowns in science.
Did life begin in a small, warm pond at the edge of a primordial sea, as Charles Darwin
speculated? Or deep beneath that sea, around one of the burbling hydrothermal vents
first seen in the 1970s? And never mind the where: What was it, this initial germ
of life? Was it a cell? A replicating molecule?
(Emphasis added in all quotes.)
By implication, only naturalistic, unguided explanations need apply. Achenbach
spent the page promoting the view of Harold Morowitz, Eric Smith and Robert Hazen that
life originated not with a cell, RNA or DNA, but rather via metabolism some self-perpetuating
chemical cycle that needed no cell to grow and evolve. Even though
he admits this is a very controversial idea (and fails to mention it begs
the question how a cell or genetic
code could have co-opted a metabolic cycle to become a living cell), it didnt stop him from
launching into opinions about education, creationism, and the long philosophical debate
over free will vs. determinism:
This is probably not what opponents of the teaching of evolution want to hear, but it seems
that a kind of molecular natural selection applies even to the world of geochemistry.
Some types of molecular chains outcompeted [sic] other molecular chains for the planets resources,
and gradually they led to [sic] the kind of molecules that life depends uponand all this before
the first living thing oozed forth [sic]. Many scientists say that life wasnt a freak accident
at all, but the likely outcome of the interaction of the molecules and minerals of the Earth.
Life is an elaboration of something very simple, says Smith. It looks
easy and inevitable.
Hazens new book adapts the Biblical creation title, Genesis, but
with no spirit of God hovering over the surface of the waters. Hazen
emphasizes the idea of emergence, i.e., that From simple beginnings,
complexity can emerge. An example cited is that consciousness emerges from
the collective activity of individual neurons. Then comes Achenbachs winning entry:
All of this is sure to be a matter of contentious debate for a long time. But ours
would not be so interesting a world if its ultimate secrets were easily discovered.
It took us four billion years to evolve to a point where we could even begin the search.
The cartoon illustration shows molecules combining, emerging upward, till one breaches the
surface and looks like a rising sun, its beams spreading gloriously into a new sky.
Achenbachs entry is equaled or perhaps surpassed by a quote from James
Shreeve in the article on DNA and human migration (p. 63): What accounts for the ancient wanderlust?
Perhaps some kind of neurological mutation led to spoken language and made our ancestors
fully modern, setting a small band on course to colonize the world.
Achenbachs page should be ridiculed, scoffed at, deplored
and castigated on scientific grounds, let alone on grounds of philosophy, theology, or history.
Why is there no rebuttal? Why do stupid ideas get free press in NG and most
other pop-sci rags, even when any educated science writer should be aware of the extreme implausibility
of the whole scenario? Any kind of metabolic cycle that consumes all available resources
is not going any further, even if geochemists find one (dont hold your breath).
A chemical cycle is not a perpetual motion machine, and natural selection cannot be invoked
for a system that does not yield progeny able to mutate. Furthermore, it is
virtually impossible that a genetic molecule would ever arise with a code matching this chemical cycle,
let alone incorporate it into a membrane and discover the art of complete automated self-replication, even if it
wanted to (which is against materialist rules to even imagine).
Emergence is one of those miracle words in the naturalist dictionary.
Hazen talks glowingly about emergence in his lectures, but the examples he gives are
really lame. For inorganic processes, are you impressed by wave patterns in sand?. All his
examples in the living world, whether internet commerce or neurons producing consciousness, involve intelligence, or else
logically beg the question whether naturalistic processes
could have produced them.
In short, the whole theory of metabolism-first origin of life is fraught with extremely
serious scientific and conceptual challenges. The little bit of chemistry lab work done in
support of it is irrelevant, because it is done under highly controlled conditions by
intelligent design. Metabolism-first is a fringe opinion among evolutionists themselves.
Its popularizers are in no position to start lecturing about determinism, human consciousness
and the meaning of life. We trust that any explanation of why the quote above wins
SEQOTW is superfluous for our highly perceptive and intelligent readership.
Scientific materialism became a fad in Germany in the mid-1800s.
Ludwig Feuerbach popularized the term you are what you eat. Karl Vogt,
Jakob Moleschott and Ludwig Büchner formed an unholy trinity of
scientific materialists who promoted, with religious fervor, a radically
naturalistic view of a universe consisting of nothing more than molecules in motion.
Their materialism was absolute and positivistic. It included human rationality:
Vogt wrote that thoughts stand in the same relation to the brain as gall does to the
liver and urine to the kidneys. They built their materialistic house on
the assumptions that (1) life was simple (just one more natural arrangement of matter) and
(2) natural laws in a clockwork universe rendered a Creator obsolete. They also worked
to promote a new view of scientific practice methodological naturalism
i.e., working as if scientific materialism is true. Like todays evolutionary
evangelists, they demanded surrender of all of philosophy and the humanities. Worth noting,
each of these men hated Christianity. By young adulthood, having become enthralled by scientific
laws, each went on a crusade to replace all religion with a scientific view
of the world. It was time, they preached, for mankind to grow up and get real.
Science had taught us to jettison all superstitions about God and a spiritual realm.
The only thing that existed was matter, obeying Newtonian-style force laws. Mind was just
an artifact, an emergent property of matter, a secretion of the brain.
(Historians note: Karl Marx was also caught up in this materialistic euphoria.)
The science that fueled 19th century materialism can no longer hold up.
We know much more now about the
fine-tuning of the universe and the extreme complexity of life. We have discovered that living
cells are not just bags of molecules obeying force laws, but programmed factories of molecular
machines with incredibly rich libraries of coded information. Though mind is clearly influenced by the
brain, scientists still struggle to reduce consciousness and rationality to mere neurons. Natural
laws expressible in equations, the Newtonian dream of the materialists, have proved
elusive in biology. The clockwork universe of Laplace has given way
to a statistical world, with uncertainties
residing in the basic units of matter. We have learned that positivism
is self-refuting. The hope of eternal progress has turned to vanity. The vision
of an eternal, steady state universe has been replaced by one with a sudden
beginning and a slow, ignominious end.
Notice that their assumptions and anti-religious
sentiments preceded their scientific writings and popularizations of materialism.
The same assumptions and motivations still drive todays evolutionary-science community,
even though their castle was built on an obsolete early-19th-century conception of the world.
Meanwhile, the enforcement of methodological naturalism that came to dominate scientific practice
after Darwin ensures they will never escape from their bonds.
The present crop of scientific materialists, with their evident optimism and
confidence in the eventual success of origin-of-life studies, should consider the bitter
end of their path. They should ponder the fact that depression afflicted many of the
early scientific materialists.1 Büchner, the symbolic leader of the scientific
materialism movement, expressed his personal feelings years after the publication
of his immensely popular and influential materialistic gospel, Force and Matter.
His pessimistic conclusions must necessarily follow if Genesis rather than
Genesis is the true history of the world. Extremely depressed and nearly
suicidal, Büchner wrote under a pseudonym what he felt about life
around the same time he was confidently preaching materialism in his book. He reflected,
We are like dogs on a treadmill. The glowing irons of life prod us to restless
running without goal, until we fall dead from exhaustion in the grave we have made for
ourselves.2
Next headline on:
Origin of Life
Dumb Ideas
1Historical information about 19th century scientific materialism was gathered largely
from an excellent series of lectures by Dr. Frederick Gregory, History of Science 1700-1900,
The Teaching Company, especially lecture 31:
Scientific Materialism at Mid-Century.
2Would you rather have an
abundant life?
Start with different assumptions. Not in the beginning were the particles, but
in the beginning
was the Word.
Bloviating on I.D. Is It Garrulous?
02/17/2006

TV commentator Bill OReilly has brought two obscure words to the attention of his viewers:
bloviating (discoursing at length in a pompous manner) and garrulous
(wordy and rambling, tiresomely talkative). A number of talking heads and writing hands
have taken to bloviating about intelligent design (ID) recently. Readers may wish
to get out their blovimeters and measure the garrulity factor in the following episodes:
- Beam Me Up, Scott: Pro-evolution activist Eugenie Scott took a column
in Cell1 to try to explain why creationism is such a mainstay in American
culture. Presenting her usual arguments that ID is not science but a polished form of
religious creationism (after all, Judge Jones said so), she tried to list some historical
reasons why it is so hard to stamp out; after all, Outside of the United States,
people are dumbfounded by events like these. Discussing social, political,
and religious history of the United States, she argued that the primary reason is
that giving everyone their fair share at the microphone is the American way.
- Viewpoint Discrimination: One mans reasoned discussion is anothers
propaganda. When Robert Hazen came to U. of Iowa to preach Why intelligent design
is not science, a reporter asked ID proponent Guillermo Gonzalez (co-author of
The Privileged Planet) what he thought. He wrote in a letter to the Iowa
Tribune
that he expected to hear propaganda, and his expectations were realized. Hazen used
irrelevant arguments, Gonzalez said, that can be disproved by looking at the reception to
the big bang theory. It had profound religious implications, yet scientists evaluated
it and accepted it based on scientific evidence.
Gonzalez has taken heat for his views
at Iowa State. The Iowa
Hawkeye describes how his beliefs have been condemned, his qualifications questioned,
and his book ridiculed by peers. Michael Francisco on
Evolution
News refuted the claims of the critics, and sees this as more evidence of attempts to marginalize ID as religion so that
scientists can dismiss it outright rather than discuss its merits.
- Selective Evidence: Jodi Rudoren reported about the Ohio ID flipflop (see
02/15/2006 story) in the Feb. 15
New
York Times. Tom Magnuson at
Access
Research Network filled in some blanks: The story never mentions the
personal character attacks made against the drafters of the lesson plan, nor does it mention
that ID is NOT in the lesson at all, he said. Also not mentioned was that the
relevant science standards benchmark specifically says that ID is not mandated in Ohio.
- Skell Irrelevance: Darwinism is simply beside the point, argued Phillip Skell
in the Philadelphia Daily News (see
Discovery
Institute reprint). The fact that hardly any scientist refers to Darwinian theory in
their work shows that it is not the cornerstone of biology, as claimed by its supporters.
Skell also pointed out how Darwinism is so flexible, it is used to explain opposite things, and therefore
is untestable.
- Genetic Fallacy: New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary hosted several
intelligent-design lectures and a debate this month as part of the Greer-Heard Point-Counterpoint Forum.
Baptist Press reported on a lecture by
Francis J. Beckwith (Baylor U), who argued that religious motivations should not negate
intelligent design. Striking down a policy (such as a school board science framework)
strictly because of the religious beliefs of some of its adherents is logically
fallacious and constitutionally suspect.
- Ruse Ruse and Dempski Dempsey: At the friendly ID boxing match
at New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, Michael Ruse took the first punch against
ID, reports Baptist Press, by asking
William Dembski, If Intelligent Design is indeed a true scientific paradigm or
research program, what results in science are you actually getting? Dembski
blocked the punch by claiming that it is not the burden of ID to gather new facts, but
to make sense of them. Dembski countered by asking Ruse why Darwinism should use
guided scientific experience to produce unguided explanations. Ruse kept trying to
corner Dembski to admit the God word. Sounds like a lively
interchange ensued, with other speakers like philosopher William Lane Craig joining in the fray at the end.
Baptist Press posted a second article on the debate.
- Back in Kansas Again: William Dembski followed his appearance in New Orleans
with an appearance at University of Kansas, Baptist
Press reported. 1500 people attended a Campus Crusade event, where Dembski acknowledged
Darwin as a great man, but denied that his theory could account for the big changes in the history of life.
The article has links to MP3 files of the event.
- Dismiss or Engage: Ajit Varki (UC San Diego) doesnt want to debate
evolution any more than he wants to debate a flat earth, reports
the San
Diego Union-Tribune in an article on the hot topic of evolution.
Meanwhile, students at the IDEA club on campus were drawing equations on the whiteboard.
Ken Miller and Eugenie Scott dismiss all the creationism as just a cultural phenomenon.
Josh Norton, a senior and leader of the IDEA club, is disappointed that he cant get
the faculty to objectively interact with the club and its arguments. They just dismiss his requests with
cliches like, Theres no intelligence in intelligent design.
- No on ID, No on Darwin: Pitt professor challenges Darwin,
writes the Pitt
News about Jeffrey Schwartz and his revolutionary ideas about evolution
(01/26/2006). He denies Darwins claim
that evolution happens gradually, opting instead for his own Sudden Origins
theory largely because of the fossil record (see 02/14/2006) and
discoveries in cell biology that show they resist change.
An evolutionist and no friend of ID, Schwarz nonetheless feels a kind of empathy experienced
among foxhole mates: Darwinisms presence in science is so
overwhelming, Schwartz said. For the longest time, there was no room
for alternative thinking among the scientific community. He says that time
will tell if they will open up to alternatives.
- DODO Heads: Alvin Powell reviewed Randy Olsons Flock of
Dodos film (see 01/07/2006) for the
Harvard Gazette.
Olsen handled the ID community gently, Powell writes, saying they are presented
as likeable people marketing a shaky theory. The films theme
is about communication: the scientific community has failed to sell evolution through neglect,
while creationists know how to present their ideas in an attractive way.
- Catholic Counter-Reformation: Heres an enigma from Vatican astronomer George Coyne, found on
Reuters.com:
The intelligent design movement belittles God. It makes God a designer, an engineer.
The God of religious faith is a god of love. He did not design me. Come again?
- Catholic Appeasement: A Reuters story published by
MSNBC tells about Hans Kung, a
liberal Swiss priest who has found a way to make peace with the evolutionists.
Basically, he gives science all the authority of explanation for everything in the
natural world, leaving for theology only questions of ultimate causation and meaning.
Another article on MSNBC portrays the
Pope as embracing the conquests of science and trying to embrace dialogue and
understanding between science and religion.
1Eugenie Scott, Creationism and Evolution: It's the American Way,
Cell,
Volume 124, Issue 3, 10 February 2006, Pages 449-451.
As to Hans Kungs compromise (we dont call him
father because Jesus
said not to), its about as practical as compromising with a grizzly bear.
If the bear needs a meal and the shivering man needs a fur coat, who gets the better deal?
If Kung was a better student of history and logic, he would understand that Darwin acid will eat him
alive and dissolve away his faith into ephemeral vapor that will disperse into the
molecular randomness of a purposeless universe. How can he maintain any semblance
of Catholicism and espouse such a position? Where, in his compromise, is room
for Jesus and the Bible? Where is history and archaeology? Give the Darwinists the natural
world, and they will take everything and leave you with nothing
(02/11/2006), gloating and snickering all the way
to the bank. Kung is not engaging the debate, he is capitulating. His whole
surrender is predicated on the assumption
that the Darwinists have proven their case. Why, then, is Schwarz pointing out that
the fossil and genetic evidence disagrees with Darwinism? How ironic that the scientists
seem to be more attuned to weaknesses in evolutionary theory than liberal theologians who
are ready to wave the white flag at the first sign of blood, even if it is only stage blood.
They are turncoats who are more quick to slander their
allies as fundamentalist Christians who ignore science than to call the
Darwin Party to task for bloviating microevolution into a theory of everything (TOE).
Of course, the Darwinist media is all too happy to publish the TOE-licking antics
of these Belafontes on their front pages for propaganda value.
Bless Michael Ruses heart for
engaging his rivals in honest debate before an audience largely opposed to his views.
Hard to believe he would still use finch beaks and Archaeopteryx as evidence
for Darwinism, though.
As for Eugenie Scotts garrulity metric, our blovimeter blew out the
top end, so we will have to upgrade to the Humvee model. She hasnt thought
of anything original since Huxley roamed the earth. Like Clepsydra Geyser in
Yellowstone, she has been erupting steadily for years without taking anything in,
like a perpetual |